从飞船上鸟瞰 From on board the spaceship
你会发现地球有一个秘密 you can see the world has a secret.
清晨或是黄昏 At dawn or at dusk,
在那阴影排列恰到好处的地方 where the shadows are lining up just the right way,
你正拥有一睹陨石坑真面目的最佳时机 you're at just the right place in time to see an asteroid crater.
就像来自宇宙的一颗子弹 Where a bullet from the universe
在地球的光滑表面留下了一个永恒的孔洞 left a perpetual hole in the smooth surface of our planet.
产生的影响长达十亿年之久 There are a billion years worth of impacts.
巨大的陨石从天而降 Huge asteroids have smashed into the world,
将世间化为炼狱 and turned it into an enveloped fire.
一切生命难以在地表生存 Uninhabitable to almost all life on the surface.
地球将会再次遭到撞击 The world will get hit again.
这只是迟早问题 It's just a matter of when.
所以 作为一个物种 我们应该做点什么 So, what should we do as a species?
我们就得像恐龙那样望天等死吗 Should we just, like the dinosaurs, look up and die?
恐龙之所以灭绝的原因在于 The reasons the dinosaurs are extinct
它们没有太空计划 is they didn't have a space program.
我们有 We do.
我们或许有能力逃离地球 We have the capability to perhaps escape the Earth.
逃离地球吗 Escaping Earth?
即便当下 离开家也够困难了 Leaving home is hard at the best of times.
想象一下 如果要你只去不回呢 Imagine how hard it would be if you were never coming back.
不仅仅是回到家乡 Not just back to your home town,
而是回到母星 but your home planet.
一张单程票 使你远离了故土 A one-way ticket away from everywhere,
远离故知 和你所珍视的一切 everything and everyone you know and need.
八位宇航员 通过在太空的千日之旅 8 astronauts with over 1,000 days in space between them,
可以告诉我们 身处太空是如何帮助他们理解 can tell us how being up there helped them to understand
为什么我们一定要做出选择 why we are going to have to make a choice.
地球生命濒临灭绝时 Faced with extinction of life on Earth.
能逃过一劫的最好办法 Our best chance of survival
就是在其他星球建立殖民地 is to build another colony somewhere else.
在火星 月球上 或其他地方建立基地 Having a base on Mars, a base on the moon or in other places,
于保存人类文明的火种来说至关重要 is important to keep our civilization going.
我们这个物种能够存活多久 It's really kinda up to us
一定程度上取决于我们自身 how long we wanna survive as a species.
我们真的能够割舍与地球母亲的羁绊吗 Can we really cut the cord with the planet that made us?
我们能够直面严峻的环境 And face the physical extremes
忍受无垠太空带来的精神折磨吗 and mental torment of space?
答案就在我们的脚下 The answers are right here on earth.
在一些意想不到的地方 In some pretty unexpected places.
比如史前的血液 Like multi-million-year-old blood.
变异的小生命 Mutant bugs.
和生活在水世界中的人类 And humans that had left the land behind.
国 家 地 理 倾 情 呈 现
这并非易事 It is not going to be easy
想让我们安全地离开地球 并在另外一颗星球上开枝散叶 to get ourselves safely away from the Earth and onto another planet.
达伦·阿罗诺夫斯基 作品
人们会为此付出生命 People will die.
理 想 之作
但也许能拯救我们 This maybe what saves us.
主持：威尔·史密斯
这是神秘星球的生死关头 It's decision time on The Rock.
逃离或灭绝 Escape or extinction?
奇 异 星 球
逃 离
地球经历过沧海桑田 Earth's been through some big changes.
冰河世纪反反复复 Ice ages have come and gone...
火山曾让世界铺满灰烬 Volcanoes have blanketed the world in ash.
这一切很有可能重演 And all of this could happen again.
实际上 无论早晚 该来的总会来 In fact, sooner or later, it's going to.
如果我们知道有一颗小行星正在坠落 So, if we knew a huge asteroid was bearing down...
或有一座巨型火山即将让世界窒息 Or a giant eruption was about to suffocate the planet...
有个后备计划 会让我们安心不少 We'd feel a lot better if we had a Plan B.
在其他星球上建立人类殖民地 会有一定风险 To put a human base on another planet, it will involve risk.
这将把我们的科技水平推向极致 It pushes our technology right to the very edge of our capability.
查里斯·哈德菲尔德 漫游太空166天
但全人类都会因此受益 But the benefit is for the whole species.
芒廷霍姆 爱达荷州
今天 我们要起飞去追逐日食 So today, what we're going out there to do is intercept the eclipse.
TY· "瑞德"· 鲍文 上尉 雷霆中队 领队飞行员
亲眼目睹日全食实属难得 因为它很罕见 Really experience the full eclipse since it happens so rarely.
起飞 追逐月亮 Fly and chase the moon.
这种事可遇而不可求 You can't do it every day.
F-15战机最高时速可接近2.5马赫 F-15 is rated almost up to mach 2.5.
[1马赫 ≈ 1225 km/h 即音速]
我们的目标是处于月球阴影中大约三分钟 So, our goal is approximately three minutes of time in the shadow.
好的 我来解释一下 Alright, let me break that down.
多亏父亲曾在空军服役 我才略知一二 Luckily, my dad was in the Air Force, so I can do this.
这些家伙即将要做的事 可谓前无古人 These guys are going to try something they've never done before.
这件事告诉我们要想从一个星球 Something that shows how hard it is
到另一个星球是多么困难 to go from one planet to another.
星系间的一切事物都处于运动之中 Everything in our galaxy is moving.
在日食期间 月球从太阳面前掠过 During an eclipse, when the moon slides across the sun...
它的阴影以高达每小时2720公里的速度掠过地球 Its shadow speeds over the Earth at 1700 miles per hour.
但很容易忘记我们也处于运动中 But it's easy to forget that we're moving too.
地球也在以每小时1670千米的线速度自转 Our planet spins at 1,000 miles per hour.
为了能够待在月球的阴影之中 To stay in the moon's shadow,
飞机的飞行速度要快于地球的自转速度 the planes have to fly faster than earth spins.
3号编队 到达指定位点 行动开始 3 3 units, mark ready, ready maneuver .
这绝对是终极拦截 This is definitely the ultimate intercept.
追赶我们所能追赶的最快物体 Chasing the fastest object that we could chase.
如果我们做能到 拦截其他东西也就不在话下 If we can do this, we can intercept anything.
保持队型 日食就要来了 Keep it tight, the eclipse is coming.
月影来了 在我们的正前方 Here comes the shadow out in front of us now.
明白 准备加力 Alright stand by for afterburner.
明白 OK.
这也太酷了 That's pretty cool.
20秒 20 seconds.
就像在外太空飞行一样 It's almost like you're in outer space.
Translated by ROOT & RINNA & ALISA 翻译：大黄蜂 & 班喜 & 菁菁
在孩提时期 我就在想象过航天员 As a kid, you know, you always think about astronauts
飞上太空 环绕月球的情形 and travelling to space and circling the moon.
但我从未想过月球移动有多快 But I never thought of how fast the moon was travelling.
保持住 已进入日食区30秒 Stand by ,30 into the eclipse.
日光来了 Here comes the daylight.
现在又是白天了 And it's daytime.
在一架飞机上 试图追赶月影的难度 If you're in an aeroplane and trying to chase that shadow,
对比发射火箭去拦截月球 that's really just a little hint of how hard it is
或不远万里飞往火星而言 to launch a rocket ship and go intercept the moon
简直是九牛一毫 or go all the way out to Mars
因为一切都在运动 where everything is moving.
同样地 地球不仅仅会自转 And the Earth isn't just rotating.
它在太空中正以每小时十万七千公里的速度公转 It's moving through space at almost 70,000 miles an hour.
而火星以每小时超过五万七千公里的速度运动 While Mars is moving at over 50,000 miles an hour.
就好像用枪射出的子弹去打另一颗子弹 It's like grabbing a gun and trying to hit a bullet with a bullet.
我们已经把探测器送到火星 木星 和土星 We've sent probes to Mars and to Jupiter and to Saturn.
但探测器只是机器 But probes are machines.
送人去那里 Getting people there?
就完全是另一回事了 That's a whole other level of difficult.
所以 在我们向世人许下承诺并发动引擎以前 So before we make that commitment and fire those engines,
我们真得搞明白自己在做什么 we really wanna be sure we know what we're doing.
人类对于未知事物的自然反应就是恐惧 The natural human reaction to the unknown is fear.
而应对恐惧的良药便是做好准备 But the greatest antidote for fear is preparation.
飞行时的感觉是我喜欢飞行的原因之一 Part of the reason I love flight is how it makes me feel.
它能将我的潜能激发到极致 It pushes me a little bit closer to the limit of my capabilities.
尤其在驾驶一架老式飞机的时候 Especially when you're flying an older plane.
仅仅需要这样调整一下 Just barely give it a couple of these.
你必须集中精神 不断思考 You have to focus, you have to constantly think about
有什么危险会让自己送命 what are the things that are gonna try and kill me.
试着预测这些危险是什么 Try and predict what the dangers are going to be.
然后试着做好准备 And then try and get ready for those.
把她拉出来 Pull her out.
好 Yeah.
我们走吧 Here we go.
永别地球 Permanently leaving the earth.
调转机头 背对地球 发动引擎 向别的星球进发 Turning our tail to the planet and firing the engines to go somewhere else,
现在还是几乎不可能做到的事 that is still right on the edge of impossible.
但在1902年 飞行也曾不可能 But in 1902, flying was impossible.
莱特兄弟之后 我们知道如何飞行了 But after the Wright Brothers, it was something we knew how to do.
69年的夏天 踏上月球也是不可能的 Summer of '69, impossible to walk on the moon.
然后 有12个人 将他们灰扑扑的脚印留在了月球表面 And then 12 people put their grey, dusty footprints into the surface of the moon.
因此建立空间站 抵达月球 最终踏上火星是大势所趋 So I think we'll go from a space station to the moon and eventually onto Mars.
因为必须这么做 我们人类才能活下去 Because it's a necessary thing for the survival of our species.
他们叫它宜居带行星 They call it a Goldilocks planet.
一个既不太热也不太冷的世界 A world that's not too hot and not too cold.
就像地球一样 Just like Earth.
在找到它以前 我们会退而求其次 Until we find it, we're looking at the next best thing.
去火星上生活 Life on Mars.
但即使我们有离开家园的技术 But even if we have the technology to leave our home,
我们生理上能够承受吗 do we have the biology?
没有什么能够永存 Nothing good lasts forever.
地球同样如此 Earth is no different.
如果我们想逃离地球 就需要获得特许 If we want to outlast our home, we need to franchise.
在另一个星球建立殖民地 Set up an outlet on another planet.
我们离开地球时 留在身后的不只是一块大石头 When we leave earth, we leave behind more than a rock.
地球是颗有生命的星球 Earth is a living planet.
是张互联互通的生命之网 An interconnected web of life.
我们是地球的一部分 地球也是我们的一部分 We are part of it and it is part of us.
所以当我们离开时 会如何取舍呢 So when we go, what comes and what stays.
在我到俄罗斯空间站上 执行第三次航天任务前 One of the final stages of preparation for my third space flight
查里斯·哈德菲尔德 漫游太空166天
最后准备阶段之一 就是用医用酒精擦拭全身 to fly a Russian spaceship, was wiping my entire body with rubbing alcohol.
尽可能除掉身上的微生物 To try and get rid of as many bacteria as possible.
你肯定不想让飞船环境危害队员的身体健康 You don't want the spaceship to become unhealthy for the people living there.
但微生物已经在地球上繁衍生息了几亿年 But bacteria have been colonizing the planet for billions of years.
他们擅长无孔不入 And they're pretty good at getting everywhere.
德拉华湾 特拉华州
为了检测出它们 我们要用到其他活化石生物 To spot them we have to use something else that's survived for a long time.
马蹄蟹生活的年代距离恐龙出现还有两亿年 Horseshoe crabs were alive 200 Million years before the dinosaurs.
[马蹄蟹：学名鲎(hòu) 原始节肢动物 祖先可追溯回寒武纪时期 与三叶虫一样古老]
不仅如此 它们在航天业中也派上了大用场 And yet, they've turned out to be surprisingly useful in space.
它们的免疫系统虽然原始但十分有效 Their immune system is primitive but effective.
所以我们利用它们不可思议的蓝色血液 So we make use of their incredible blue blood.
[鲎的血液中含有血蓝蛋白 因其中含有铜离子而呈现蓝色]
当它们血液中的细胞与微生物接触时 会立即释放出酶 When cells in their blood come into contact with bacteria, they instantly release enzymes.
这些酶可以检测出含量小于万亿分之一的细菌 And these enzymes can be used to detect bacteria at less than one part per trillion.
就好像在一个奥运规格的泳池中检测出一粒糖 That's like detecting one grain of sugar in an Olympic size swimming pool.
我们可以用一小滴马蹄蟹的血来监测污染 So we can use a tiny spece of horseshoe crab blood to spot contamination.
人们惯于把身上的微生物当作想要摆脱的异物 It's easy to think of the bacteria on my body as some foreign matter that I would like to get rid of
但把我们置于显微镜下观察 会发现身上爬满了生命 But if you look at us under a microscope, we're crawling with life.
我们身上的微生物细胞比人体细胞还多 There are more bacterial cells in our body than there are human cells.
我身上有一整个宇宙 An entire universe inside me.
我们对朝夕共处的体内微生物了解越多 The more we study the human microbiome, all of the little microbes that live within us,
尤其当我们开始考虑离开地球时 我们就越意识到 and especially when we start thinking about leaving earth, the more we realize,
微生物不是偷渡者 而是船员 the bacteria aren't stowaways, they're crew.
而我们去往别的星球时 就必须带上它们中的一部分 And we're going to have to bring some of them with us, when we go to another planet.
科尔特斯海 墨西哥
你认为它们离咱还有多远 How far are they, ahead, do you think?
伊恩·克尔 博士 科考队领队
最近也有三四公里吧 I would say absolute minimum of two, probably at least three miles.
我们在寻找世界上最大的生物 We are searching for the world's biggest creature.
蓝鲸 The blue whale.
这个星球上 大部分物种完全靠体内的微生物系统生存 Most species on the planet are totally dependent on their microbiomes to survive.
蓝鲸和人类如此相似 令人惊讶 It's amazing how similar whales and humans are.
尽管我们走在地上 而蓝鲸在深海遨游 Even though we walk on the land and they swim in the abyss,
相同的生物学机制在这里起着作用 the same biological mechanisms are in play here.
事实上 收集蓝鲸的数据非常困难 The reality is, it's very difficult to collect data on whales.
想象一头消失在东非大草原的大象 在八公里外的地方出现 Imagine if an elephant disappeared under the Serengeti and came up five miles away.
蓝鲸在十点钟方向 Whale's right over here at ten o'clock.
每次蓝鲸换气 就会喷出这种生物宝藏 Every time a whale exhales, it's throwing up this biological treasure trove.
- 发动引擎 - 明白 - Starting engines, - clear.
所以如何才能以非伤害性的方式来收集生物数据呢 So how can you collect biological data in a non-invasive manner?
答案是 无人机 The answer is, snot bot.
9米多高 准备切换视角 30 plus feet, you're just going off for visual?
是的 状况很好 Yeah, you're in good shape.
- 我看到蓝鲸了 - 好 - And I see the whale now. - OK.
高度5米 You're right to 16 feet, 16.
4.3米 14.
她潜下去了 这身姿多美啊 Alright. She's dived. No words, lovely dive.
它也许不会向我们迎面而来 这事儿我们无法预料 Might not have liked that head on approach, but there's no way to know.
和带上这个设备一样令人兴奋的 As excited as we are with this tool,
是你必须把握地点 瞅准时机 you've gotta be at the right place at the right time.
好的 蓝鲸这次潜水需要九分钟 OK, so the whale's been doing 9-minute dives.
我们会在八分钟的时候将无人机升空 Let's launch the drone at 8 minutes
在她浮出水面前做好准备 and then we're ready when it comes up.
但愿我们能够拍到她第二次换气 Hopefully we'll get the second blow.
看起来不错 正如所料 4.3米 Looking good, right on track. That's 14 feet.
这一两秒内 它们可容纳一辆大众汽车的肺部正在进行气体交换 They're exchanging a lung full of air, probably bigger than a VW in one or two seconds.
这太不可思议了 It's incredible.
一直跟着她 Staying with it.
我现在在多高的地方 What's my height?
4.3米 You're at 14.
蓝鲸看起来很平静 Whale's looking really calm.
她在缓缓移动 Moving very slowly.
很好 Bingo.
我们协作得很好 干得好 Good job team, good job.
好的 你们准备降落 Alright, you guys ready for landing, bring her in.
无人机这回立大功了 And this is gonna be a snotty dish.
我们知道鲸鱼胃里的细菌 We know bacteria in the stomach of whales
是消化所必需的 is necessary for digestion,
但我们发现 肺部微生物群落 but we're starting to see that the microbiome
在抵抗感染方面也起着关键作用 in the lungs plays a key role in fighting infection.
这点与人类相似 Just like it does in humans.
我们体外有一个细菌世界 There's a world of bacteria outside us
体内也有一个细菌世界 and a world of bacteria inside us.
没有人知道这两个世界 And nobody knows what will happen
被分开的时会发生什么 when those two worlds are pulled apart.
但有一样东西我们无法带走 But we know one thing that we can't take with us.
某样一直把我们拽向地面的东西 And it's something that keep us all grounded.
伊尼什莫尔 爱尔兰
跳台之上 百感交集 The feeling in the platform is full of emotion,
乔纳森·帕雷德斯 悬崖跳水冠军
恐惧 压力 紧张 is fear, pressure, tension.
想象这是你所热衷的事 It's something that you love to do.
即使你知道自己可能会为此付出生命代价 Even when you know that you can kill yourself.
你只有2.9秒 任何事情都可能会出错 You have only 2.9 seconds. Anything can go wrong.
如果你在空中犯了错 If you did a mistake in the air...
根本来不及补救 That's it, it's over.
我们所有人都非常熟悉重力 We are all intimately familiar with gravity.
地球的巨大力量将我们拉向地面 The huge mass of the world pulls us down.
我们称之为一个重力加速度 是它拉拽着我们 We call it 1 G, that's how the world pulls on us.
但我们是唯一一个找到方法甩开它的物种 But we're the only species that has found a way to cheat that.
宇航员生命中最神奇的瞬间 Perhaps the most magic moment in an astronaut's life
也许就是火箭飞船完成任务的那一刻 is when the rocket ship has done its job.
当你到达指定位置 速度正好的时候 You are at the right height, you're at the right speed,
引擎就会关闭 the engine's shut off.
这是你生命中的第一次 在太空中失重 You're in space and for the first time in your life, you're weightless.
仿佛有什么神奇的东西将你拉向天花板 You feel like something is magically pulling you towards the ceiling.
失重很是有趣 它会博得你一笑 It's just fun to be weightless. And leaves a smile on your face.
你想与它玩 You wanna play with it.
你想玩你的食物 You wanna play with your food,
你想翻一千个筋斗 you wanna do a thousand somersaults.
你会想进到太空站中一个大点的地方 You wanna get into a big part of the space station
能让你推墙借力 像超人一样飞过 so you could push off the wall and fly across like superman.
但即使你感觉自己是超人 But even as you feel super human,
你也很快会意识到 you quickly start to realize just how much
人类是有多么需要重力 the human body needs gravity.
在重力条件下 我可以分辨出"上"的方向 With gravity, I can tell which way up is.
当我坐下时身体的重量 和抬手时的重量 The weight of my body as I sit down, the weight of lifting my arms.
所有那些重量都不断告诉我 我的哪个方向是"上" All of those things constantly tell me which way is up.
一旦你失重 But as soon as your weightless...
一切就都消失了 all that's gone.
这会让你感到恶心 And it makes you nauseous.
我第一次进入太空时 感觉糟透了 I was feeling terrible when I first got to space.
我问自己 这真的有趣吗 And I thought to myself, is this really fun?
迈克·马西米诺 漫游太空29天
当你非常想吐的时候 真的一点也不好玩 When you wanna throw up, really nothing's fun.
我在太空的第一天就吐了 I did puke on my first day in space.
当你在地球上时 When you're on Earth,
重力会把你的所有体液往下拉 gravity is pulling all the fluids in your body down.
梅·杰米森 漫游太空8天
但在太空 你就会面临严重的流体倒转 When you're up in space, there's a major fluid shift.
这感觉就像你倒立了三个小时 It feels like you've been standing on your head for about three hours.
重力决定了我们的心脏大小 Gravity defines how big our heart has to be
和我们心血管系统的布局 and what the configuration of our cardiovascular system looks like.
人体的整个结构 The whole design of the human body,
身体里的骨架 肌肉的力量 the skeleton underneath it, the strength of the muscles,
都确确实实由地球的重力所塑造 it's really shaped by the gravity of the Earth.
我们不曾想过 We don't really think about it,
但在地球上我们一直在举重 but we're constantly weight lifting on Earth.
抬头起身 都是在与重力做斗争 Holding our head up, holding our body up, fighting gravity.
失去重力 你的肌肉和骨骼都会日趋衰弱 Without gravity, your muscles and your bones start to waste away.
我们有许多用于托举牵拉的健身器材 We have machines that, that we push against and lift against
通过松紧带将我们固定在跑步机上 and elastics that hold us on the treadmill.
进行重力模拟 Sort of gravity simulations.
但即使用着史上最好的运动器械 But even with the best exercise equipment we've invented so far,
我髋骨和股骨上部的骨密度 I lost about eight percent of the bone density
还是损失了大约百分之八 across my hips and my upper femur.
我的骨骼开始退化 My skeleton started to waste away.
失重的影响对星际探索 What do the effects of weightlessness mean
有什么意义吗 for interplanetary exploration?
长时间的失重 With that long time in weightlessness
会让我们身体退化 have degraded our bodies enough
以至于我们到达目的地时 已经是个废人了 that we'd be useless when we get there?
我们正在努力 We're working on it,
但很明显 我们还没有排除万难 but we definitely haven't solved all those problems yet.
宇航员 Astronauts.
他们会头晕脑胀 时常呕吐 Their heads swell and they throw up a lot.
在电影里你不会看到这些场景 You don't see that in the movies.
而事实是 我们是地球的一部分 The truth is, we are a part of this planet.
它的影响早已刻进我们的骨子里 It is baked into our bones.
在地球上 我们享受滋养与庇佑 Down here we're nurtured and protected.
一旦我们离开 就要全靠自己了 But when we go, we'll be going it alone.
如果人类想要生存下去 If humanity wants to survive,
我们就迟早得飞离地球 sooner or later we are going to have to get off planet
B计划 Plan B.
但在我们跨出安乐窝的那一刻 But the second we step outside the safety of our home,
我们就暴露在外面了 we are exposed.
太阳不断向外界喷涌射线 Our sun is constantly spewing out radiation.
偶尔出现太阳耀斑时 And occasionally there's a huge solar flare
查里斯·哈德菲尔德 漫游太空166天
会释放强大的电磁辐射 where a big mass ejection
威胁地球上的生命 that could threaten life on Earth.
地球受到大气层中磁场的保护 The Earth is protected by a magnetic field in the atmosphere.
该磁场有助于使致命辐射偏转 And that force field helps deflect the deadly radiation.
并且防止它直接穿透和击中我们的身体 And it keeps it from driving right through and hitting our bodies.
在国际空间站上 On board the International Space Station,
我们更加脆弱 we are much more vulnerable.
如果地球上的科学家观测到 If the scientists on earth have seen
那些向我们袭来的巨大太阳风暴 one of these huge storms from the sun coming towards us
我们就会收到指令去往空间站中 we go to the parts of the space station
有着最好防护措施的地方 那里能够抵御 that have the best protection from the storm of radiation
即将爆发的辐射风暴 that's about to pour past.
我们遭受的辐射不仅来自太阳 You're subject to not just the sun's radiation,
还来自全宇宙 but all of the radiation of the universe.
有时会发生一些奇怪的事 A strange thing sometimes happens.
你看见黑暗中有一道光闪过 You see a flash of light out of the darkness.
提醒着你 你已经不在堪萨斯州了 A reminder that you're not in Kansas anymore.
当银河系中的一颗恒星 When a star out in our galaxy dies
在一场大爆炸 即超新星爆炸 中死亡时 in an enormous explosion that we call a supernova,
它会释放出巨大的能量 it releases a huge amount of energy.
宇宙射线基本上以光速穿越宇宙 Cosmic rays racing across the universe at essentially the speed of light,
每秒30万公里 186,000 miles a second.
速度之快 以至于这些看似不起眼的辐射粒子 So fast that those little radiation particles come by Pluto
短短5小时内就能从冥王星到达地球 and make it all the way to the earth in just five hours.
如果你在地球大气层上方 And if you're above the earth's atmosphere,
就无法阻挡它们击中你的身体 there is nothing to stop them slamming into your body.
并且大多数辐射你都察觉不到 Most of them you're unaware of.
但有时这些微小的宇宙射线 But sometimes one of these little cosmic rays
会穿透你的视神经 goes through your optic nerve.
由于视觉神经的构造 And because of the way our vision is designed,
它会使你觉得见到了一束光 it actually reacts like a flash of light.
但事实上 你真正见到的是穿过你的辐射 And what you're actually seeing is radiation going through you.
我躺在睡袋里 辐射嗖嗖穿过 I'd be lying there in my sleeping bag and zap, zap, zap.
杰夫·霍夫曼 漫游太空50天
这是我见过的最好的灯光秀之一 但同时 One of the best light shows I've ever seen but at the same time,
我知道这意味着我的大脑 I knew that that meant that my head
正在被带电粒子撞击 was getting zapped by charged particles.
辐射的力量令人叹服 And it can be a showstopper,
杰瑞·林恩格 漫游太空143天
辐射的狂轰滥炸 不仅仅是 it can be a bombardment of radiation than not only,you know,
增加你罹患癌症的几率 increases your chances of cancer down the line.
它也能如字面上那样 让你得上辐射病 But literally gives you radiation sickness on the way.
如果你打算在宇宙飞船里待上几周 几月 甚至几年 If you're gonna spend weeks or months or years on a space ship,
你就必须得考虑基因突变的可能 you have to start considering that this causes mutations.
这已经超过了身体的自我修复能力 It overwhelms your body's ability to repair itself.
因此 在我们开拓太空的过程中 So, on our trip to colonize the stars,
我们深知会受到严重的辐射伤害 we know we'll get seriously zapped.
我们必须对此做好准备 We need to prepare for that.
我们可以从此处开始 在这里 盖革计数器 We can start in a place where the Geiger counter clicks
[盖革计数器：一种专门探测电离辐射强度的记数仪器]
和在外太空时探测结果相同 like it would in a deep space mission.
切尔诺贝利 乌克兰
蒂姆西·穆苏教授 变异体寻找者
尽管这里很危险 Despite the fact that this is a dangerous place,
但切尔诺贝利为我们提供了 Chernobyl provides this unique opportunity to examine
观察突变如何作用于进化历程的独特视角 what happens to the evolutionary process when you kick it with a little extra mutation.
1986年 我还是名高中生 Back in '86, I was a senior in high school.
我记得这场核危机 And I remember the nuclear meltdown
造成的核辐射量是第一次原子弹爆炸的400倍 that caused 400 times more fallout than the first atomic bomb.
核反应堆爆炸时的情形 When the reactor exploded,
就如火山爆发一样 it was kind of like a volcano erupting.
放射性金属被喷射到大气中 With radioactive metals being ejected into the atmosphere.
再而纷落至地面 That landed on the ground in a haphazard way,
所以有了这些危险辐射区 so there are these hot spots.
你走进这个过去无限繁华 You come into this landscape that was once thriving
人们安居乐业的地方 with happy people doing their thing.
这给你一种怪异的感觉 It gives you an eerie feeling.
你得环顾四周 You really have to look around
看看有什么不同 and see what's being affected.
许多悬挂在 Many of the spiderwebs that were draped
村里一些房屋中的蛛丝 alongside some of the houses in the villages
十分不同寻常 were extremely unusual.
一些蛛网看起来很凌乱 Some of the webs end up looking extraordinarily messy.
毫无章法 They were very irregular.
上面还有大大的洞 They had big holes in them.
这些蜘蛛很难织出一张正常的蛛网 The spiders were having a problem spinning a normal web.
不仅是行为发生改变 It's not just behavior that's changing.
甚至一些生物的外貌也在发生转化 Some of the creatures are even starting to look different.
你很容易注意到萤火虫 And firebugs are pretty hard to miss.
如果你认真看的话 If you look at it straight on,
你会发现它长得非常像非洲面具 you'll see what looks like an African face mask.
两只硕大的眼睛 一个鼻子和一个下巴 Two big eyes, a nose and a chin
由于这种对称性 And because of the symmetry,
如稍有偏差 你会很容易察觉到 it makes it very easy to detect deviations.
我一个同事拿着它 One of my colleagues picked one up
说道 "看 蒂姆 它变异了" and said, "Look, Tim, it's a mutant."
这只萤火虫身上只有一个眼状斑纹 This one bug was missing one of the eye spots.
因此 我们开始捕捉尽可能多的虫子 So, we starting collecting as many bugs as we could find.
色彩花纹不寻常的虫子 Bugs with really unusual color patterns
只出现在这些高辐射地区 were only found in these areas of high radiation.
比改变斑纹严重的是 This is more serious than changing your spots.
变异可致人于死地 Mutations can kill you.
太空中的人们面临着一个大问题 Humans in space have a big problem.
所以 探索任务要取消吗 别这么快下决定 So, mission cancelled? Oh, not so fast.
可能有解决方法出现 There might be a fix.
一个更加令人震惊的发现是 One of the more striking, unexpected observations
一些生物似乎已经适应了这种变异 is that some species appear to have adapted.
事故发生后 部分繁殖了无数代的细菌 Some of the bacteria where there have been thousands of generations
变得越来越抗辐射 since the accident are becoming more radiation resistant.
作为一个物种 人类一直想要拓宽自己的眼界 As a species, humans are interested in expanding our horizons.
探索太空 探索其他星球 Moving into space, moving to other planets.
如果我们能够更深入地了解 If we can develop a better understanding
这些微生物的防御机制 of the defenses used by organisms,
这对于人类研制出防辐射的方法很有帮助 that maybe useful in developing ways to protect humans.
这些答案都来自这个星球 Both here on this rock...
和外太空 As well as in outer space.
去火星的旅行者必须得坚持9个月 A traveler to Mars has to survive 9 months
完成5500万公里的旅程 in space and a 30-Million-mile journey.
一旦他们到达 他们将面临此行最大的挑战 But once they get there, they'll face their biggest challenge of all.
而且这次 是个人的挑战 And this time, it's personal.
从太空中俯瞰地球上你熟知的地方 One of my favorite things so see from space
是一大乐事 is a place that you know.
查里斯·哈德菲尔德 漫游太空166天
比如生你养你生长的故乡 You know, somewhere you grew up.
你出生的小镇 The town you were born in.
你结婚抑或是度假的地点 Or where you got married or where you went on vacation.
有这样的经历让人很开心 It's a delight to have a memory,
就像是上天的馈赠 like a present unwrapping itself.
随着你远离地球 The further you get from earth,
最重要的一个问题就是 one of the significant problems is,
当与其他人类隔绝 how do we mental the mental health of the crew
我们怎么保障成员们的精神健康 when you're so isolated from the rest of humanity?
我们并不知道人类离开地球 We don't really know how difficult it's gonna be
妮可·斯科特 漫游太空104天
有多困难 for humans to leave Earth.
我们是地球的一部分 I mean, we're a part of earth.
在太空 你远离人类 There you are just removed from mankind
远离这个星球 and that distance, being off the planet,
你感到与世隔绝 you feel a disconnect.
那是种身陷狱中的感觉 And I'd say, you know, I'm sort of in a prison.
杰瑞·林恩格 漫游太空143天
我没干过坏事 但我如同坐牢 You know, I didn't do anything wrong for sure, but I am in a prison.
如果我是指挥官 前往火星时 If I were the commander, heading to Mars,
我会和队员说 I would have a talk with the crew and say,
"地球已成过去 我们现在是火星人" "Earth is now behind us. We are now Martians."
火星模拟任务 / 日志记录
你在不到一百平米的土地上独自生活过130天吗 Have they really been living in this 1,000 square foot done for over 130 days?
乔思林·邓恩 / 美国航空航天局研究员
任务天数过半后 After surpassing the halfway point in the mission,
我还是感到难以置信 I'm feeling utter disbelief.
这种孤立且禁闭的环境 With the nature of an isolated and confined environment,
将我们彻底困住了 we are effectively trapped.
夏威夷太空探索模拟-仿真基地
HI-SEAS项目全称为 HI-SEAS stands for
夏威夷太空探索模拟与仿真项目 the Hawaii Space Exploration Analogue and Simulation.
我们想研究 如何在太空保证人的安全与愉悦 We want to know how to keep people safe and happy in space.
他们能否保持良好社交 避免情绪崩溃 Can they stay friends, not go crazy?
团结合作两三年 Work well together for the two to three years
一起前往红色的火星 再返回地球 it will take to go to the Red Planet and back again.
已连接 Contact.
测试 一 二 三 Testing, one, two, three.
按外出协议行动 Go with the exit protocol now.
你会想象 在火星生活的艰难困苦 You begin to think about how harsh it is to live on Mars,
用上各种科技 大费周章 all the technology, all the trouble you have to go through
只为了外出散步 just to go for a walk.
太空旅行的最大难题并非技术问题 One of the greatest challenges to space travel isn't technical at all.
而是人类的脆弱 It's the human vulnerability.
你看不到海洋 看不到棕榈树 You don't see the ocean, you don't see palm trees.
放眼望去 尽是黑色和红色的火山岩 And you just see this black and red lava.
这里不存在重力差异 It doesn't have the different gravity,
而那才是火星危险所在 the real harsh danger of Mars.
但这里的孤寂是实实在在的 But it does have the confinement.
它隔绝了你和你的亲友 And it has the isolation from your family and friends.
我很惊讶 压力不仅影响了我的情绪 I was surprised by how much the stress affected
还影响了我的表现 not just how I felt but how I performed.
离开家人是很难受的事 Being away from your family can be tough
即使只是一至两周 even for a week or two.
火星的生活是一种完全不同的分离 Life on Mars is an entirely different kind of separation.
你是火星的拓荒者 You're a pioneer.
你再也无法回家了 You're never going to see home again.
你所拥有的只是你带去的东西 Everything you'll ever own, you brought with you.
其他的东西 你只能自力更生 The rest? You'll have to use what you find.
幸运的是 这正是人类的拿手好戏 Luckily, that's something humans are pretty good at.
艾本哈杜 摩洛哥
穆罕默德·埃尔甘尼 监工
从16岁起 我开始和父亲一起工作
他教我如何正确挖地
如何加入适量的水 正确地搅拌
加油 兄弟们 出发
作为监工 我必须检查泥的质量
如果泥太干了 就无法制成砖块
只要制造出一千块砖以上
我们便开始盖房子
艾本哈杜的房子全用泥土建造
完全是就地取材
我父亲告诉我 这些建筑
自11世纪便屹立于此
我们使用模拟的火星土 We're already using simulated Martian dust
研究如何在地球外的地方 to figure out how to build a settlement,
建造定居点 somewhere besides our planet.
所以这是我们关键的第一步 So, we're definitely taking the first step.
假设我们在太空旅行中幸存 Even if we survive the journey,
将荒芜的火星变成了家 and make the place feel like home,
我们也未必能拯救人类 we still might not save our species.
因为在火星生存 Because just by being there,
我们或许会有所进化 we might turn into something else.
生命会自然而然地 Life tends to naturally settle
选择最好的生长环境 where the conditions are best for it.
查里斯·哈德菲尔德 漫游太空166天
从轨道俯瞰 And from orbit,
你能清楚看到 我们所选择的生境 you can actually see where we have chosen to live.
人类的居住模式大同小异 Those patterns of human habitation repeat themselves.
地球上有些地方风光旖旎 Some parts of the world are so desirable
却没有足够的土地 that there's not enough land to support everybody
满足所有人的居住需求 who wants to live there.
我们取材于大自然 加以改良 We've taken nature and modified it
使地球变得更加宜居 to make the earth more habitable
造福人类 for more human beings.
我们没有刻意为之 We don't really think about it,
但我们确实把地球变得更加宜居了 but we've significantly terraformed earth.
农耕地 梯田 The farmer's fields, the terraces,
人工建造的水坝 the dams we've put up.
当我们前往其他行星时 And when we go somewhere else,
我们依旧要重复同样的步骤 we're going to inevitably have to do the same thing.
但与此同时 But at the same time,
我们会受到周围环境的影响 we are influenced by the environment around us.
环境会改造我们 That shapes us.
你的身体会不断地自我调整 Your body is constantly changing itself
适应所处的环境 and adapting to best perform in the environment
以此达到最佳表现 that you put it into.
托米尼湾 印度尼西亚
凡迪 捕鱼能手
我通常捕的是
石斑鱼 苏里鱼 梭子鱼
巴瑶族生活在水的世界里 The Bajau live in a world of water.
[巴瑶族：生活在东南亚海域的民族，甚少上岸，被认为是最后一支海洋游牧民族]
他们的孩子学走前便会游泳 Their kids swim before they walk.
无需泳镜和氧气筒 No need for goggles or oxygen tanks,
他们的身体学会了只身下海捕鱼 their bodies have learned to do without them.
我们非常擅长潜水
因为我们传承了
祖先的智慧
我能在海底屏住呼吸
约三分钟
至于更深层次的区别 The differences go deeper.
小时候 他们的晶状体适应了水下环境 As children, the lenses in their eyes adapt
[晶状体：眼球的主要组成部分 透明而富有弹性 能把远近物体的形象清晰地反映在视网膜上]
所以他们的水下视力是常人的两倍 so their underwater vision is twice as sharp as ours.
可谓是捕鱼的利器 Pretty handy when you're hunting.
短期内 人类会自我调整 In the short term, humans can adjust.
长期的话 In the long term...
人类会进化 We evolve.
或许确实存在第二个宜居的地球 Maybe there is a Goldilocks planet out there, another Earth
如果真是如此 我们将费尽心血 只为前往那里 If so, we'll be spending lifetimes getting there.
太空里出生的后代会怎么样呢 What might happen to generations born in space?
其中一个测试方法是 One of the ways to test that is
将生命周期极短的地球生物 to take life forms from Earth that have a very rapid life cycle
带到太空站 and take them up to the space station
以此观察它们的成长 and see how they develop.
水母的传感器非常小 像头发丝 Jellyfish have small sensors, like hairs.
使它们感受重力和上升方向 And that lets them know about gravity and which way's up.
有点像人类内耳的平衡系统 Sort of like the balance system we have in our inner ear.
水母到达太空站后 When we took jellyfish to the space station,
它们的生长情况有所不同 they did not develop normally.
当它们回到地球 When they came back to Earth,
在太空繁殖的水母不知道上升的方向 the ones born in space couldn't tell which way was up.
这个实验发人深省 It's a sobering thought,
星际移民 getting to a new home
或许会以难以预期的方式改变人类 might change us in ways we can't predict.
我坚信 在这段奇妙的星际旅行中 I'm confident that no matter what is thrown at us
不管人类进化成什么 during this incredible journey,
我们总会活下来的 we'll find a way to survive.
只是需要付出代价 But there is a cost.
我们眼中的自己 What we think of as us,
只能存在于地球 can only exist here.
离开了地球 我们便不再是地球人 We will no longer be earthlings when we get there.
我们会成为外星人 We will be become aliens.
有时候 有些东西只能从远处眺望 Sometimes you can only really see something from a distance.
只有离开家乡 才会明白何为乡愁 No one ever got homesick staying at home.
地球是人类的忠实伙伴 Earth has been our constant companion.
地球是第一个细胞演变成生命的地方 There when the first cell flickered to life,
如今 我们的征途是遥遥星辰 here now as we turn to the stars.
地球已经深入骨髓 She's in our bones.
它是我们的内在与思想 And in our guts and in our minds.
或许某天人类会为了探险星际而远离我们的神秘星球 We may one day venture out from our strange rock.
但我们永远不会抛弃地球 But we'll never get the Rock out of us.
下一集 Next time.
生命如何塑造出我们的天堂星球 How our paradise planet was made by life.